INTRODUCTION

Breathing is one characteristic of organism. Breathing is done by all of organism to produce energy, to make all of activity and body activity in their live. Respiration is exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gaseous that is done by all of living organisms to produce energy. Respiratory process is done by using respiratory organs and that is respiratory system.

So the writer make this paper because the writer want to give information about respiratory system.

The problem which will be cased in this paper are:

1. What is the meaning of respiration?

2. What are the organs of respiratory system ?

3. What are the functions of each respiratory system’s organ?

4. What are the disease in respiratory system?

The purpose of this paper are:

1. To understand the meaning of respiration

2. To understand the structure and the function of the respiratory system’s organ.

3. To know the disease in respiratory system

CONTENS

Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gaseous to produce energy. The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood.

Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx (where speech sounds are produced) and the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adult's lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale.

The diaphragm's job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.

1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory system is a group of organs and tissues that help you breathe. The main parts of this system are the airways, the lungs and linked blood vessels, and the muscles that enable breathing.The Respiratory System

Figure A shows the location of the respiratory structures in the body. Figure B is an enlarged view of the airways, alveoli (air sacs), and capillaries (tiny blood vessels). Figure C shows the location of gas exchange between the capillaries and alveoli. CO₂ is carbon dioxide, and O₂ is oxygen.

2. AIRWAYS

The airways are pipes that carry oxygen-rich air to your lungs and carbon dioxide, a waste gas, out of your lungs. The airways include your:

Nose and linked air passages (called nasal cavities)
Mouth
Larynx (LAR-ingks), or voice box
Trachea (TRA-ke-ah), or windpipe
Tubes called bronchial tubes or bronchi, and their branches

Air first enters your body through your nose or mouth, which wets and warms the air. (Cold, dry air can irritate your lungs.) The air then travels through your voice box and down your windpipe. The windpipe splits into two bronchial tubes that enter your lungs.

A thin flap of tissue called the epiglottis (ep-i-GLOT-is) covers your windpipe when you swallow. This prevents food or drink from entering the air passages that lead to your lungs.

Except for the mouth and some parts of the nose, all of the airways have special hairs called cilia (SIL-e-ah) that are coated with sticky mucus. The cilia trap germs and other foreign particles that enter your airways when you breathe in air.

These fine hairs then sweep the particles up to the nose or mouth. From there, they're swallowed, coughed, or sneezed out of the body. Nose hairs and mouth saliva also trap particles and germs.

3. ORGANS OF RESPIRATORY SISTEM

Respiratory process in human happens because of presence its constituent organs:

1.Nose (nasal cavity)

It is organ trough which air is inhaled or exhaled .The nostril facilitated the process of inhalation and exhalation. Nasal cavity is two narrow canals that are hold by several bones. Inside the nasal cavity is found mucilage membrane and nostril hair. By the presence of mucus and nostril hair, the air that enters or sucked by nose will more safet than the air that enters trough the mouth.

Nostril hair and mucus have the following functions:

a. To filter dust and germs that enter together with the air .The nostril hair function to filter big dust particles, while mucus has function to catch smooth dust and bacteria that enter together with the air.

b. To adjust the air temperature with body temperature. The air that enters through the nose will be warm by blood that is found inside capillary blood vessel in the nasal cavity. If we are in surrounding that has cold temperature, automatically our nose discharges clear liquid like watter.

c. To regulate humidity of entering air.

2.Larynx

Larynx is the part of respiratory system which connect the trachea with pharynx .The larynx which is formed of cartilages of the larynx. Larynx is located behind nasal cavity and mouth cavity. Larynx is composed of epiglottis cartilages shield, and cartilage ring that from Adam’s apple

Epiglottis an important part of larynx is actually a cartilage which prevent the food from entering the respiratory tract. The flap-like action of epiglottis is facilitated by the corniculate cartilage.

In Adam’s apple is found vocal cord. If air past through vocal cord, the vocal cords will vibrates and produces voice when we talk

3.Trachea

Trachea is respiratory tract that consists of cartilage ring. Trachea is located infront of the throat, it has function as place of air passes through .Trachea is a tubular structure with 1 inch diameter and a length of 4,25 inches. Length of the trachea spans between the 6^th cervical and 5^th thoracic vertebrae.

In the trachea wall is found mucused smooth hair that has function as filter to dust / waste that enters with the air. If the dirty air has been many stuck to cilia, the air in lung will be stimulated and pushes the dust to quit, so it happens sneeze

4.Bronchi

Trachea bar has two branches, the branch of trachea is called bronchus. One branch goes to the right lung and another branch goes to the left lung. The left bronchus which is shorter than the right one, further divides into 2 lobar bronchi while the right one divided into 3 lobar bronchi.

Bronchus is a connector canal between throat and lung, it composed of cartilage of ring shaped as place of respiratory air traffic. Bronchus has branches to be smaller branch called bronchioles. Then bronchioles has many branches anymore to be smooth vessel that finish in the smooth bulb called alveoli

5.Lungs

Lung is the place of happening of absorption of oxygen and expiration of carbon dioxide. Lung is located inside chest cavity with stomach cavity. Lung is packed by lung membrane called pleura.

Inside body, there are 2 lungs and each lung consist of lobes. The left lung has 2 lobes (superior and inferior) while the right lung has 3 lobes (superior, meddle and inferior).

Inside lung, in the tip of bronchioles has branches, there is alveolus that contains blood capillary vessel. Alveolus contains air, the amount is about 300 million of alveoli that has function to enlarge surface so the oxygen sucked will be more. Besides, in this alveoli part oxygen absorption process and the release of carbon dioxide happen.

4. LUNG CAPACITY

Lung capacity to hold volume of respiratory air is different, it is depends on the size of lung, the method of breathing, and the power of breathing. Lung total capacity in adult people is about 5 liter, but when normal inspiration the air that can enter is only 0.5 liter called respiratory air. Meanwhile if lung makes maximum expiration, in lung still remain 1 liter of air, it called residual air.

In normal condition, lung contains 3.5 liters called supplementary air. While if makes maximum expiration, beside respiratory air, there is air addition of 1 liter called complementary.

Lung vital capacity is 4 liters consists of 1 liter of residual air. 0,5 liter of respiratory air, and 2.5 liters of supplementary air

Lung total capacity is 5 liters, that is union between vital capacity (4 liters) and complementary air (1 liter)

5. LUNGS AND BLOOD VESSELS

Your lungs and linked blood vessels deliver oxygen to your body and remove carbon dioxide from your body. Your lungs lie on either side of your breastbone and fill the inside of your chest cavity. Your left lung is slightly smaller than your right lung to allow room for your heart.

Within the lungs, your bronchi branch into thousands of smaller, thinner tubes called bronchioles. These tubes end in bunches of tiny round air sacs called alveoli (al-VEE-uhl-eye).

Each of these air sacs is covered in a mesh of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The capillaries connect to a network of arteries and veins that move blood through your body.

The pulmonary (PULL-mun-ary) artery and its branches deliver blood rich in carbon dioxide (and lacking in oxygen) to the capillaries that surround the air sacs. Inside the air sacs, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air. At the same time, oxygen moves from the air into the blood in the capillaries.

The oxygen-rich blood then travels to the heart through the pulmonary vein and its branches. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood out to the body. The lungs are divided into five main sections called lobes. Some people need to have a diseased lung lobe removed. However, they can still breathe well using the rest of their lung lobes.

6.RESPIRATORY MECHANISM

1. Breast Breathing.

Breast breathing that is respiration by using ribs and sternum. The mechanism of breast breathing are as follows

a. Inspiration phase (air from outside enter to lung)

When taking breath (inspiration), intercostals muscle contracts so the position of ribs is lifted. This causes chest cavity becomes large and the volume of lung enlarges, but its pressure decreases so the external air that is rich of oxygen enters into the lung.

b. Expiration phase (air in lung is blow out)

When breathing out(expiration), muscles between ribs loose (relaxation) and ribs back to the former. This causes chest cavity becomes smaller and air that is rich of carbon dioxide quits.

2. Abdominal Breathing

Abdominal breathing that is respiration by using diaphragm muscles. The mechanism of abdominal breathing is separates on two phases those are as follows.

a. Inspiration phase

when inspiration, diaphragm contacts so its position is flat. This causes the chest cavity enlarges and the volume of lung also enlarges so pressure inside lung also decrease. The volume of stomach cavity is pushed, as the effect external air that is rich of oxygen will enter into the lung.

b. Expiration phase

When expiration, diaphragm lies in former position (has concave shaped) so the cest cavity decreases and air that is rich of carbon dioxide

7. MUSCLES USED FOR BREATHING

Muscles near the lungs help expand and contract (tighten) the lungs to allow breathing. These muscles include the:

Diaphragm (DI-a-fram)
Intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles
Muscles in the neck and collarbone area

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located below your lungs. It separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is the main muscle used for breathing.

The intercostal muscles are located between your ribs. They also play a major role in helping you breathe.

Beneath your diaphragm are abdominal muscles. They help you breathe out when you're breathing fast (for example, during physical activity).

Muscles in your neck and collarbone area help you breathe in when other muscles involved in breathing don't work well, or when lung disease impairs your breathing.

8. DISORDERS AND DISEASES IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Disorders and diseases in respiratory system

1. Asphyxia , the respiratory disturbance when transportation of O₂ by tissue and cells.

Asfiction is separated based on its, cause, those are as follows.

a. Asphyxia that is caused by the filling of alveoli by water because that man is grounded so oxygen diffusion is a little amount. This disturbance can cause the stop of respiration.

b. Asphyxia that is caused by the filling of alveoli by lymph juice because of infection.

c. Asphyxia that is caused by plugging of tract by lymph gland, such as polyp, tonsil, and adenoid.

2. Acidosis, that is respiratory disturbance caused by the disorders of carbonate acid and bicarbonate acid level in the blood.

3. Asthma, that is disease because the narrowing of main respiratory tract in lung. Asthma is heredity disease, but it doesn’t make infection. The cause of this disease commonly because of allergy to surrounding condition, such as cold weather, dust, chemical agents, fungus, pollen, and so on. Besides asthma is also caused by plugging of respiratory tract by dirt hair.

4. Bronchitis, that is inflammation in wall layer of bronchus (the branch of throat) because infected by virus. This disease causes deep cough. Besides, bronchitis also produces grey yellowed mucus that comes from lung.

5. Diphtheria, that is disease in respiratory tract because of the plugging of mucilage whether in pharynx cavity by bacteria.

6. Emphysema, that is disturbance in respiratory tract caused by tear of alveoli wall so gas exchange region decreases.

7. Flu (influenza), that is disturbance in upper respiratory tract because of infected by virus. Influenza causes nose has mucus, sneezes, throat gets inflammation, fever, headache, muscle is felt tired (pain) also fatigue.

8. Pleuritic, that is inflammation in pleura (the membrane of lung cover) because of infection from lung or another organs that located adjacent to lung, so it causes excessive of liquid in pleura. The presence of excessive liquid in pleura causes the sufferer feels chest pain when breaths.

9. Pneumonia, that is disease caused by infection of virus bacteria, or fungus in alveoli so it happens lung inflammation. Alveoli that gets infection will be filled by discharge, mucilage, or another liquid so oxygen that goes to blood is hard to reach that blood flow.

10. Cold, that is disturbance in upper respiratory tract because of virus infection. Cold causes nose is plugged, mucus flows, and sneezes, also throat is felt itchy.

11. Tuberculosis, that is disease that infect lung, so in the inner part of alveoli appears small pimples because of bacteria infection, that is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease causes oxygen diffusion process is disturbed.

12. Adenoid face (looks of stupid face), that is disturbance and plugging of respiratory tract because of swollen of lymph gland by polyp, tonsil, and adenoid.

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